The Purpose of this Study is an inquiry into the theory of cultivation and the thought of mindfulness(敬 思想) ) through the analysis of Sung(宋) Neo-Confucian philosophy. This study intended to investigate the theory on the cultivation of moral character in the Neo-Confucian philosophy of Sung dynasty. As a result, the theory on the cultivation of moral character was the thought of mindfulness. This study intended to investigate the theory on the cultivation of moral character in the Neo-Confucian philosophy of Sung dynasty. As a result, the theory on the cultivation of moral character was the thought of mindfulness. The conservative philosophers who asserted cultivation of morality maintained that ethical morals were the objective laws of Nature (天理) with which everyone was endowed. Benevolence(仁)) is the major Confucian virtue. For the Neo-Confucians, benevolence is the altruistic principle in the nature, reflected among the passions by the feeling of sympathy at another's misfortune. According to Yi-ch'uan, who defines it more clearly than his brother, to be benevolence is to regard oneself and another as one and not two, to be disinterested and not selfish. By identifying it with principle, which is necessarily changeless, Yi-ch'uan commits himself to holding that thoughts, passions and intentions do not belong to the mind, which is the substance underlying them. The only kind of activity which he can ascribe to mind is the direct insight into principles which in the sage is immediate and in the ordinary man generally follows but is distinct from a process of thought.